View source for Human Cortical Bone

==MSF Model==
[[File:Cortical bone no mean strain all parameters.JPG]]

==Reference Figure==
[[File:Carter et al. 1981.jpg]]

Digitized from Carter ''et al''. (1981).

==References==
Carter, D. R., Caler, W. E., Spengler, D. M., and Frankel, V. H., 1981, Fatigue behavior of adult cortical bone: the influence of mean strain and strain range, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 52:481-490.

Cowin, S. C., 1999, Bone poroelasticity, J. Biomechan., 32:217-238.

Deuerling, J. M., Yue, W, Orias, A. A. E., and Roeder, R. K., 2009, Specimen-specific multi-scale model for the anisotropic elastic constants of human cortical bone, J. Biomech., 42(13):2061-2067. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.06.002

Hannah, K. M., Thomas, C. D. L., Clement, J. G., De Carlo, F., and Peele, A. G., 2010, Bimodal distribution of osteocyte lacunar size in the human femoral cortex as revealed by micro-CT, Bone, 47:866-871. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2010.07.025 

Milovanovic, P., Vukovic, Z., Antonijevic, D., Djonic, D., Zivkovic, V., Nikolic, S., and Djuric, M., 2017, Porotic paradox: distribution of cortical bone pore sizes at nano- and micro-levels in healthy vs. fragile human bone, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 28:71. doi 10.1007/s10856-017-5878-7

Smith, C. B., and Smith, D. A., 1978, Structural role of bone apatite in human femoral compacta, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 49:440-444.

Smith, I. O., 2007, The effect of grain size, microcracking, and grain boundary grooving on osteoblast attachment in hydroxyapatite, unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State Univ., 274 pp.

Tao, J., Battle, K. C., Pan, H., Salter, E. A., Chien, Y. C., Wierzbicki, A., and De Yoreo, J. J., 2015, Energetic basis for the molecular-scale organization of bone, PNAS, 112(2):326-331. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1404481112

==Notes==
1. Cortical bone data based on analyses of the femora.

2. Particle size and grain orientation for the MSF calibration is based on the properties of apatite in human cortical bone.