View source for 316 Stainless Steel

==Introduction==

Type 316 Stainless Steel is a austenitic chromium-nickle stainless steel containing molybdenum.<ref name = "AK"> A K Steels, Product Data Sheet 316/316L Stainless Steel, http://www.aksteel.com/pdf/markets_products/stainless/austenitic/316_316l_data_sheet.pdf </ref> Alloying components in 316 SS make it corrosion resistance in many aggressive environment, improve resistance to pitting, and increase its strength at elevated temperature.<ref name = "AK"></ref>. Typical uses include exhaust manifold, furnace parts, heat exchanges, jet engine parts, pharmaceutical, photographic equipment, valve and pump trim, chemical equipment, digesters, tanks, evaporators,  parts exposed to marine atmosphere and tubing. <ref name = "AKS"> A K Steels, Product Data Bulletin 316/316L Stainless Steel, http://www.aksteel.com/pdf/markets_products/stainless/austenitic/316_316l_data_bulletin.pdf </ref> 316 SS is also a preferred material used in reactors and nuclear power plants. Good strength and creep resistant material which offers  excellent mechanical and corrosion resistant properties at sub zero temperature.<ref name = "NAS">North American Stainless, Long Products Stainless Steel Grade Sheet, http://www.northamericanstainless.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Grade-316-316L1.pdf</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:15%"
|-
! Composition
! Type 316 (%)
|- style="text-align: center"
| Carbon || 0.08 max.
|- style="text-align: center"
| Manganese || 2.00 max.
|- style="text-align: center"
| Phosphorus || 0.045 max. 
|- style="text-align: center"
| Sulfur || 0.030 max.
|- style="text-align: center"
| Silicon || 0.75 max.
|- style="text-align: center"
| Chromium || 16.00 - 18.00
|- style="text-align: center"
| Nickel || 10.00 - 14.00
|- style="text-align: center"
| Molybdenum || 2.00 - 3.00
|- style="text-align: center"
| Nitrogen || 0.10 max. 
|- style="text-align: center"
| Iron || Balance
|}<ref name = "AK"></ref>

==Stress-Strain Data==

===<font size = "4">316 stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures</font>===
----
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (3/4 in.). Test section diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.) 
<br>Composition lot l: 17.81Cr-13.17Ni-2.23Mo-1.54Mn-0.56Si-0.042C-0.027P-0.017S 
<br>Composition lot 2: 16.60Cr-12.15Ni-1.80Mo-1.58Mn-O.46Si-O.090C-O.028P-O.013S
<br>UNS S31600 

[[Image:A2.PNG|500px|thumb|left|316 stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures<ref name = "atlas">ASM International,''Atlas of Stress-strain Curves'', 2002, p 193-202, ISBN:9780871707390, https://books.google.com/books?id=up5KS9fd\_pkC</ref>]]
[[Image:A3.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures<ref name = "atlas"></ref>]]


<br>Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, Short Time Properties of Type 316 Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures, Paper No. 60-WA-11, <I> Trans. ASME, J. Basic Eng. </I>, 1960. As published in <I>Structural Alloys Hand-book</I>, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 31

===<font size = "4">316 stainless steel bar, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures</font>=== 
----
Bar diameter = 15.875 mm (5/8 in.). 
<BR>Hot rolled, annealed 1066 <sup>o</sup>C (1950 OF), 1 h. 
<BR>Incremental steps: Solid line, annealed; dashed line, aged 1000 h at test temperature. 
<BR>Constant amplitude continuous cycling: open circle, annealed; solid circle, aged at 538 <sup>o</sup>C (1000 <sup>o</sup>F); solid diamond, aged at 649 <sup>o</sup>C (1200 <sup>o</sup>F). 
<BR>Strain rate for cyclic curves 1-5, 7-9 = 0.004/s; for curves 6 and 10, strain rate = 0.00004/s (a) 21 <sup>o</sup>C (70 <sup>o</sup>F) (b) 427 <sup>o</sup>C (800 <sup>o</sup>F) (c) 566 <sup>o</sup>C (1050 <sup>o</sup>F) (d) 649 <sup>o</sup>C (1200 <sup>o</sup>F)
<BR>Composition: 17.30Cr-13.30Ni-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-0.40Si-0.06C-0.012P-0.007S-0.065Cu-0.003Ti. 
<BR>Dimensions in schematic given in inches (1 in = 25.4 mm)
<BR>UNS S31600

[[Image:O2.PNG|1000px|thumb|left]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>
[[Image:O3.PNG|1000px|thumb|left|316 stainless steel bar, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures]]
<BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR>

<BR>Source: D.A. Keller “Progress on LMFBR Cladding, Structural and Component Material Studies During July 1971 through June 1972,” BMI-1928, Final Report, Task 32, Battelle Columbus, July 1972. As published in <I> Structural Alloys Handbook</I>, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Perdue University, 1994, p 32


===<font size = "4">316 stainless steel sheet, typical stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures</font>=== 
----
Sheet thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.)
<br>Composition: 17.17Cr-12.96Ni-2.15Mo-1.7Mn-0.2Si-0.03C
<br>UNS S31600 

[[Image:B2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 stainless steel sheet, typical stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<br>Source: T.W. Gibbs, W. Kyros, and C.L. Theberge, "Development of a Resistance Heating Facility for the Determination of Tensile Properties of Aircraft and Missile Alloys," RaD. TM-63-8, Avco Corp., Feb 1963. As published in <I>Structural Alloys Handbook</I>, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 33


===<font size = "4">316 wrought stainless steel bar, typical stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures</font>=== 
----
Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:C2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 wrought stainless steel bar, typical stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: L.J. Fritz and W.P. Koster, "Tensile and Creep Rupture Properties of (16) Uncoated and (2) Coated Engineering Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NASA Cr-135138, Metcut Research Associates, Inc., Jan 1977. As published in <I>Structural Alloys Handbook</I>, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 33


===<font size = "4">316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples</font>===  
----
True axial strain rate = 4 x 10<sup>-5</sup>/s. Test temperature 649 <sup>o</sup>C (1200 <sup>o</sup>F)
<BR>Closed data points: unirradiated specimens in duplicate tests
<BR>Open circles and squares: unirradiated specimens
<BR>Open diamond: irradiated specimen 4 X 10<sup>18</sup> n/cm<sup>2</sup>, E > 1 MeV at 70 <sup>o</sup>C in the ORR core facility
<BR>Composition: Fe-17.3Cr-13.1Ni-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-0.4Sc-0.065Cu-0.06C-0.012A1
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:P2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: J.B. Conway, J.T. Berling, and R.H. Stentz, "New Correlations Involving the Low-Cycle Fatigue and Short-Term Tensile Behavior of Irradiated and Unirradiated 304 and 316 Stainless Steel," GEMP 726, General Electric Co., Dec 1969. N70-25351. As published in <I>Structural Alloys Handbook</I>, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 34


===<font size = "4">316 stainless steel plate, true stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures for base and weld metal</font>===  
----
Plate thickness = 15.9 mm (5/8 in.)
<BR>Squares: base metal data
<BR>Circles: weld metal data
<BR>Specimen diameter 6.401 mm (0.252 in.) 
<BR>Composition: 16.64Cr-12.84Ni-2.69Mo-1.91Mn-0.45Si-0.068C-0.026P-0.012S 
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:D2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 stainless steel plate, true stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures for base and weld metal]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: T.S. DeSisto, "Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Base and Weld Deposits of Selected Austenitic Stainless Steels," AMRA TR 63-08, Metals and Ceramics Research Agency, U.S. Army Materials Research Agency, July 1963, AD 416 119. As published in <I>Structural Alloys Handbook</I>, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 34


===<font size = "4">316 stainless steel sheet, stress versus plastic strain curves for elevated temperatures with effect of annealing and cold working</font>===  
----
Sheet thickness = 1.47 mm (0.058 in.)
<BR>Plastic strain resulting from constant stress for 2 min at elevated temperature
<BR>Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo 
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:E2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 stainless steel sheet, stress versus plastic strain curves for elevated temperatures with effect of annealing and cold working]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: T.W. Gibbs and Wyatt, H.W., "Short-Time Tensile Properties of Type 316 Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures," ASME Paper No. 60-WA-11. As published in <I>Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook</I>, Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 40


===<font size = "4">316 annealed stainless steel wire, effect of vacuum on stress-strain curves at room temperature</font>===  
----
Wire diameter = 0.457 mm (0.018 in.)
<BR>Strain rate = 0.0001/s
<BR>Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:F2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 annealed stainless steel wire, effect of vacuum on stress-strain curves at room temperature]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: I.R. Kramer and S.D. Podlaseck, "Effect of Low Pressures on the Mechanical Behavior of Metals," Martin Marietta Corp., Oct 1963, AD 424 292. As published in <I>Structural Alloys Handbook</I>, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 33


===<font size = "4">316 annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures</font>=== 
----
Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:G2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, "Short-Time Tensile Properties of Type 316 Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures," ASME Paper No. 60-WA-11. As published in <I>Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook</I>, Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29


===<font size = "4">316 mill annealed stainless steel bar, complete true stress-strain curves for room and low temperatures</font>===  
----
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-M0 
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:H2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 mill annealed stainless steel bar, complete true stress-strain curves for room and low temperatures]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

Source: T.S. DeSisto and F.L. Carr, "Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steels and Titanium," WAL TR 323, 4/1, Watertown Arsenal Laboratories, Dec 1961. As published in <I>Aero-space Structural Metals Handbook</I>, Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29


===<font size = "4">316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures (True)</font>=== 
----
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004 (solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 <sup>o</sup>C and 816 <sup>o</sup>C (1202 <sup>o</sup>F and 1580 <sup>o</sup>F), while the reverse is true for 430 <sup>o</sup>C (806 <sup>o</sup>F). P <sub>max</sub> is the point of maximum load. <BR>Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo.
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:I2.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures (True)]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC, 1975, p 214


===<font size = "4">316 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures (Engineering)</font>===  
----
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004 (solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 <sup>o</sup>C and 816 <sup>o</sup>C (1202 <sup>o</sup>F and 1580 <sup>o</sup>F), while the reverse is true for 430 <sup>o</sup>C (806 <sup>o</sup>F). The strain rate effect is more pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. 
<BR>Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:J2.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|316 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures (Engineering)]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC, 1975, p 216


===<font size = "4">316 annealed stainless steel sheet, true stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures</font>===  
----
Sheet thickness = 0.762 mm (0.03 in.). Annealed 1049 <sup>o</sup>C (1920 <sup>o</sup>F), 0.25 h, water quenched, grain size 100 μm, gage section = 6.35 X 0.762 X 25.4 mm (0.25 X 0.03 X 1.0 in.), strain rate 0.004/min 
<BR>Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:K2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 annealed stainless steel sheet, true stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: V. Seetharaman and R. Krishnan, Influence of the Martensitic Transformation on the Deformation Behavior of an AISI 316 Stainless Steel at Low Temperatures, J. Mater. sci., Vol 16 (No. 2), Feb 1981, p 523—530. As published in <I>Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook</I>, Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 30



===<font size = "4">316 annealed stainless steel wrought, isochronous stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures</font>===   
----
Left: 538 <sup>o</sup>C (1000 <sup>o</sup>F)
<BR>Middle: 593 <sup>o</sup>C (1100 <sup>o</sup>F)
<BR>Right: 649 <sup>o</sup>C (1200 <sup>o</sup>F)
<BR>Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:L2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 annealed stainless steel wrought, isochronous stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2 1/4Cr-lMo, Type 304-304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," Technical Report 2012-Part l, United Nuclear Corp., Sept 1970. As published in ''Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook'', Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 40


===<font size = "4">316 annealed stainless steel bar, cyclic and monotonic stress-strain curves in air at 627 <sup>o</sup>C (1160 <sup>o</sup>F) </font>=== 
----
Specimen reduced section 7.4 mm (0.29 in.) diam X 12.7 mm (0.50 in.) long. Solution annealed 699 <sup>o</sup>C (1920 <sup>o</sup>F)
<BR>Cyclic test: triangular strain wave form, R = -1, strain rate 4%/min
<BR>Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo
<BR>UNS S31600 

[[Image:M2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 annealed stainless steel bar, cyclic and monotonic stress-strain curves in air at 627 <sup>o</sup>C (1160 <sup>o</sup>F)]]<ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: D.S. Wood, J. Wynn, A.B. Baldwin, and P. O'Riordan, Some Creep Fatigue Properties of Type 316 Steel at 625 C, ''Fatigue Eng. Mater. Struct''., Vol 3, No. l, 1980, p 39—57. As published in ''Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook'', Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 43


===<font size = "4">316 annealed and cold-worked stainless steel sheet, stress-strain curves for room and elevated temperatures</font>===  
----
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.473 mm (0.058 in.)
<BR>Specimens vacuum annealed, 1093 <sup>o</sup>C (2000 <sup>o</sup>F), 15 min, plus 5% and 10% cold worked. 
<BR>Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo
<BR>UNS S31600

[[Image:N2.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 annealed and cold-worked stainless steel sheet, stress-strain curves for room and elevated temperatures]] <ref name = "atlas"></ref>

<BR>Source: T.W. Gibbs and H. W. Wyatt, "Short-Time Tensile Properties of Type 316 Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures," ASME Paper No. 60-WA-11. As published in ''Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook'', Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 28


===<font size = "4"> 316 SS at various strain rates in 0.82 kmol/m<sup>3</sup> HCl solution at 353 K</font>===
----
[[Image:1-s2.0-S0010938X03002312-gr1.gif|600px|thumb|center|Stress-Strain curve of 316 SS in 0.82 kmol/m<sup>3</sup> HCl solution at 353 K]]<ref>Rokuro Nishimura, Yasuaki Maeda, SCC evaluation of type 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steels in acidic chloride solutions using the slow strain rate technique, Corrosion Science, Volume 46, Issue 3, March 2004, Pages 769-785, ISSN 0010-938X, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2003.08.001.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X03002312)</ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve for 316 SS at various strain rates</font>===
----
Stress-strain curve of 316 SS at room temperature and strain rate ranging from 10<sup>-2</sup> to 30,000 s<sup>-1</sup>

[[Image:Stress-Strain diff strain rate.PNG|500px|thumb|center|316 SS at various strain rates]]<ref>Meyers, ''Shock Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials'', CRC Press, 1992, p 687, ISBN:9780824785796, https://books.google.com/books?id=5y7inV40OqgC</ref>

===<font size = "4">True stress - True Strain curve deformed in torsion at different temperature</font>===
----
AISI 316 Stainless Steel (Commercial Grade)
<BR>Composition - 0.07C-1.27Mn-0.64Si-0.023S-0.020P-10.9Ni-17.2Cr-2.29Mo-0.49Cu-0.02Al-0.32Co-BalFe
<BR>History - Extruded at 1700 <sup>o</sup>C (2138 <sup>o</sup>F)
<BR>316 Stainless Steel was tested under torsion at temperatures ranging from 800 <sup>o</sup>C - 1100 <sup>o</sup>C (1472 <sup>o</sup>F - 2012 <sup>o</sup>F) and normal strain rate of 3.9 s<sup>-1</sup>.  

[[Image:TorsionSS.PNG|500px|thumb|center|True stress - True strain curve for 316 SS deformed under torsion at a strain rate of 3.9 s<sup>-1</sup> and at different temperatures]]<ref>Y. V. R. K. Prasad, S. Sasidhara, ''Hot Working Guide: A Compendium of Processing Maps'', ASM International, 1997, p 312, ISBN 9781615032020, https://books.google.com/books?id=orphpC0hEYoC</ref>


===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve at different temperature of 316 SS sheet 1.0 mm thickness</font>===
----
Composition - 67.69Fe-16.63Cr-10.85Ni-2.42Mo-1.28Si-0.38Mn-0.21Cu-0.21Co-0.018C
[[Image:STTemp.jpg|500px|thumb|center|316 SS Sheet of 1.0 mm, stress-strain curve at different temperatures at strain rate of 0.01]]<ref>Syed Mujahed Hussaini, Swadesh Kumar Singh, Amit Kumar Gupta, ''Formability and fracture studies of austenitic stainless steel 316 at different temperatures'', Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, Volume 26, Issue 2, July 2014, Pages 184-190, ISSN 1018-3639, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2013.05.001.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018363913000160)</ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 910 <sup>o</sup>C, preheating temperature 904 <sup>o</sup>C</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Reheating temperature = 904 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR>Testing temperature = 910 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR> Grain Size = 18.9 ± 1.8 μm
<BR> Electrolytic etching, 100 X

<BR> Stress-Strain data from plain strain compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Initial Breath b<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final breath b<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Initial thickness t<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final Thickness t<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Steady State Stress σ<sub>s</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC095 || 49.90 || 61.18 || 10.92 || 2.18 || 0.533 || 254 || 193 || 238 || 0.318
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC096 || 50.00 || 60.58 || 10.97 || 2.29 || 1.075 || 269 || 205 || 253 || 0.323
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC097 || 50.10 || 60.45 || 11.01 || 2.32 || 2.144 || 282 || 210 || 268 || 0.328 
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC098 || 50.00 || 59.28 || 10.91 || 2.26 || 5.295 || 296 || 214 || 288 || 0.338
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC099 || 49.90 || 59.13 || 11.04 || 2.31 || 8.043 || 300 || 217 || 293 || 0.299
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0102 || 54.14 || 63.61 || 10.66 || 1.98 || 10.91 || 307 || 228 || 296 || 0.328
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0103 || 53.88 || 63.56 || 10.66 || 1.95 || 16.16 || 313 || 233 || 305 || 0.308
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0104 || 54.54 || 63.95 || 10.73 || 3.06 || 26.61 || 322 || 243 ||320 || 0.259
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0105 || 49.90 || 53.50 || 10.94 || 2.17 || 47.40 || 343 || 252 || 340 || 0.219
|}

[[Image:1.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 910 <sup>o</sup>C, preheating temperature 904 <sup>o</sup>C]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 910 <sup>o</sup>C, preheating temperature 1010 <sup>o</sup>C</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Reheating temperature = 1010 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR>Testing temperature = 904 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR> Grain Size = 29.6 ± 2.4 μm
<BR> Electrolytic etching, 100 X

<BR> Stress-Strain data from plain strain compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Initial Breath b<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final breath b<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Initial thickness t<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final Thickness t<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Steady State Stress σ<sub>s</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0106 || 49.90 || 60.23 || 10.99 || 2.22 || 0.543 || 238 || 191 || 224 || 0.348
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0107 || 50.00 || 60.09 || 11.04 || 2.33 || 1.078 || 257 || 205 || 240 || 0.359
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0108 || 50.00 || 59.98 || 15.01 || 2.24 || 2.102 || 266 || 210 || 251 || 0.353
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0109 || 50.00 || 59.64 || 10.94 || 2.25 || 5.272 || 279 || 215 || 267 || 0.348 
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0110 || 54.38 || 64.10 || 10.82 || 2.16 || 7.944 || 285 || 221 || 272 || 0.343
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0111 || 53.67 || 63.51 || 10.77 || 2.12 || 10.55 || 287 || 224 || 277 || 0.328
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0112 || 53.97 || 63.16 || 10.80 || 2.14 || 15.86 || 291 || 228 || 285 || 0.289
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0113 || 54.55 || 63.32 || 10.75 || 2.03 || 24.19 || 305 || 240 || 300 || 0.239
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0114 || 50.00 || 58.13 || 10.90 || 2.10 || 47.70 || 330 || 253 || 327 || 0.189
|}

[[Image:2.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 910 <sup>o</sup>C, preheating temperature 1010 <sup>o</sup>C]]<ref name = "thesis">Rafael Cola̕s Ortiz, ''High Strain Rate High Temperature Deformation of Stainless Steel'', University of Sheffield, December 1983, http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3019/1/DX084062.pdf</ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 910 <sup>o</sup>C, preheating temperature 1095 <sup>o</sup>C</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Reheating temperature = 1095 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR>Testing temperature = 910 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR> Grain Size = 59.3 ± 2.6 μm
<BR> Electrolytic etching, 100 X

<BR> Stress-Strain data from plain strain compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Initial Breath b<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final breath b<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Initial thickness t<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final Thickness t<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Steady State Stress σ<sub>s</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0279 || 55.17 || 60.69 || 10.92 || 4.80 || 0.175 || 238 || 203 || 198 || 0.348
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO280 || 54.95 || 61.72 || 10.93 || 4.09 || 0.482 || 236 || 215 || 221 || 0.369
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO119 || 54.37 || 64.60 || 10.79 || 2.19 || 1.109 || 245 || 210 || 229 || 0.368
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO115 || 54.96 || 64.09 || 10.85 || 2.19 || 2.182 || 258 || 214 || 239 || 0.338 
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCOI17 || 53.96 || 63.27 || 10.78 || 2.08 || 11.15 || 282 || 226 || 266 || 0.331
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO118 || 54.31 || 63.52 || 10.74 || 2.06 || 16.49 || 287 || 254 || 280 || 0.313
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO282 || 55.09 || 61.24 || 10.96 || 3.71 || 46.58 || 320 || 282 || 313 || 0.214
|}



[[Image:3.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 910 <sup>o</sup>C, preheating temperature 1095 <sup>o</sup>C]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 910 <sup>o</sup>C, preheating temperature 1194 <sup>o</sup>C</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Reheating temperature = 1194 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR>Testing temperature = 910 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR> Grain Size = 158.4 ± 4.1 μm
<BR> Electrolytic etching, 100 X

<BR> Stress-Strain data from plain strain compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Initial Breath b<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final breath b<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Initial thickness t<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final Thickness t<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Steady State Stress σ<sub>s</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO283 || 64.82 || 62.09 || 10.95 || 3.71 || 0.091 || 189 || 177 || 165 || 0.363
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO284 || 56.13 || 62.50 || 11.00 || 3.76 || 0.177 || 210 || 200 || 195 || 0.393
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0121 || 50.00 || 60.50 || 10.99 || 2.40 || 0.557 || 232 || 208 || 212 || 0.418
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0125 || 53.71 || 63.96 || 10.72 || 2.34 || 2.047 || 250 || 218 || 235 || 0.423 
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0126 || 54.18 || 63.25 || 10.68 || 2.13 || 5.309 || 259 || 221 || 243 || 0.428
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0127 || 54.73 || 63.42 || 10.74 || 2.24 || 7.743 || 274 || 226 || 252 || 0.408
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0129 || 54.22 || 63.35 || 10.76 || 2.22 || 13.98 || 385 || 243 || 268 || 0.378
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0122 || 50.00 || 58.96 || 10.97 || 2.30 || 24.65 || 396 || 246 || 288 || 0.264
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0123 || 50.10 || 58.51 || 11.01 || 2.27 || 48.99 || 313 || 252 || 307 || 0.219
|}

[[Image:4.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 910 <sup>o</sup>C, preheating temperature 1194 <sup>o</sup>C]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, h/w = 0.40</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Testing temperature = 1006 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR> Ratio for specimen thickness over tool width (h/w) = 0.40
<BR>h<sub>o</sub> = 6 mm
<BR> Stress-Strain data from plain strain compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Initial Breath b<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final breath b<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Initial thickness t<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final Thickness t<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Steady State Stress σ<sub>s</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0178 || 56.61 || 64.55 || 6.20 || 1.92 || 0.092 || 138 || 116 || 135 || 0.310
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCOI79 || 56.34 || 63.74 || 6.13 || 1.87 || 0.177 || 150 || 125 || 143 || 0.326
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCOI8O || 56.40 || 64.35 || 6.14 || 1.76 || 0.462 || 165 || 143 || 157 || 0.330
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO181 || 56.24 || 64.45 || 6.10 || 1.72 || 1.047 || 175 || 153 || 169 || 0.330
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0182 || 56.03 || 63.53 || 6.16 || 1.75 || 2.039 || 185 || 159 || 178 || 0.322
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0183 || 56.35 || 64.14 || 6.10 || 1.71 || 5.121 || 203 || 173 || 195 || 0.310
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0184 || 56.00 || 64.04 || 6.16 || 1.79 || 10.28 || 213 || 179 || 209 || 0.294
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0185 || 55.41 || 63.43 || 6.16 || 2.76 || 20.94 || 225 || 188 || 222 || 0.240
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0186 || 55.39 || 63.23 || 6.17 || 1.65 || 50.01 || 253 || 203 || 245 || 0.226
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0187 || 55.39 || 63.53 || 6.11 || 1.69 || 70.41 || 269 || 206 || 261 || 0.216
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0188 || 55.83 || 63.53 || 6.08 || 1.64 || 103.4 || 278 || 216 || 273 || 0.204
|}


[[Image:5.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, h/w = 0.40]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>


===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, h/w = 0.53</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Testing temperature = 1006 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR> Ratio for specimen thickness over tool width (h/w) = 0.53
<BR>h<sub>o</sub> = 8 mm
<BR> Stress-Strain data from plain strain compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Initial Breath b<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final breath b<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Initial thickness t<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final Thickness t<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Steady State Stress σ<sub>s</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0175 || 55.16 || 63.43 || 8.15 || 2.19 || 0.105 || 139 || 110 || 132 || 0.320
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0176 || 55.16 || 63.53 || 8.03 || 2.02 || 0.208 || 153 || 125 || 144 || 0.326
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0177 || 55.44 || 63.33 || 8.00 || 2.02 || 0.529 || 169 || 139 || 160 || 0.330
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0158 || 55.73 || 62.61 || 8.08 || 2.06 || 1.092 || 179 || 147 || 169 || 0.332
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0159 || 55.64 || 63.74 || 8.12 || 2.07 || 2.057 || 192 || 153 || 180 || 0.340
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0160 || 55.57 || 63.53 || 8.09 || 2.12 || 5.127 || 209 || 169 || 200 || 0.326
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0161 || 55.29 || 62.40 || 8.05 || 2.09 || 10.08 || 223 || 176 || 216 || 0.298
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0172 || 55.08 || 63.63 || 7.97 || 2.03 || 22.35 || 235 || 181 || 230 || 0.237
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0173 || 55.08 || 63.84 || 8.00 || 1.89 || 48.09 || 260 || 191 || 257 || 0.205
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0174 || 55.08 || 63.43 || 8.14 || 2.03 || 65.33 || 271 || 204 || 269 || 0.197
|}

[[Image:6.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, h/w = 0.73]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, h/w = 0.73</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Testing temperature = 1006 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR> Ratio for specimen thickness over tool width (h/w) = 0.73
<BR>h<sub>o</sub> = 11 mm
<BR> Stress-Strain data from plain strain compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Initial Breath b<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final breath b<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Initial thickness t<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final Thickness t<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Steady State Stress σ<sub>s</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0155 || 54.27 || 62.51 || 10.95 || 3.08 || 0.095 || 146 || 111 || 139 || 0.359
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0154 || 55.09 || 64.35 || 10.92 || 2.93 || 0.206 || 160 || 121 || 152 || 0.365
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0138 || 54.62 || 65.06 || 11.03 || 3.50 || 0.622 || 176 || 134 || 164 || 0.365
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0137 || 56.08 || 65.16 || 10.92 || 3.37 || 1.008 || 187 || 144 || 181 || 0.355
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0153 || 56.26 || 64.75 || 10.90 || 2.81 || 2.097 || 200 || 147 || 194 || 0.342
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO15O || 56.64 || 64.45 || 10.92 || 2.60 || 5.298 || 216 || 158 || 206 || 0.333
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO15I || 57.14 || 64.75 || 10.92 || 2.61 || 10.84 || 229 || 179 || 219 || 0.308
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0152 || 55.30 || 63.84 || 10.82 || 2.61 || 21.25 || 249 || 191 || 242 || 0.217
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0145 || 56.86 || 63.33 || 10.97 || 3.01 || 53.31 || 278 || 213 || 269 || 0.189
|}

[[Image:7.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, h/w = 0.73]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, transverse specimen, h/w = 0.73</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Testing temperature = 1006 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR> Ratio for specimen thickness over tool width (h/w) = 0.73
<BR>h<sub>o</sub> = 11 mm
<BR> Stress-Strain data from plain strain compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Initial Breath b<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final breath b<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Initial thickness t<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final Thickness t<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Steady State Stress σ<sub>s</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO219 || 46.37 || 60.08 || 10.81 || 2.94 || 0.095 || 148 || 110 || 141 || 0.299
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO276 || 48.90 || 56.71 || 11.07 || 3.34 || 0.178 || 163 || 117 || 155 || 0.313
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO277 || 53.51 || 60.24 || 11.08 || 3.40 || 0.512 || 181 || 145 || 169 || 0.358
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO230 || 46.99 || 59.37 || 10.96 || 3.15 || 5.075 || 222 || 166 || 209 || 0.334
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO228 || 50.47 || 61.73 || 10.87 || 3.13 || 10.18 || 238 || 182 || 226 || 0.312
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO229 || 46.40 || 58.73 || 10.89 || 3.04 || 45.91 || 285 || 208 || 284 || 0.195
|}

[[Image:8.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in plain strain compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, transverse specimen, h/w = 0.73]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in axisymmetric compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, through the thickness direction</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Testing temperature = 1006 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR>*The broken curves correspond to the specimens machined to obtain a width over diameter ratio equal to 1

<BR> Stress-Strain data from axisymmetric compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Direction
! Initial height h<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Initial diameter d<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final height h<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO254 || t || 10.27 || 7.18 || 4.06 || 0.523 || 185 || 164 || 0.465
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO255 || t || 10.19 || 7.09 || 3.97 || 1.052 || 198 || 173 || 0.505
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO256 || t || 10.34 || 7.18 || 3.98 || 2.090 || 208 || 184 || 0.530
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO257 || t || 10.21 || 7.17 || 3.99 || 5.266 || 236 || 204 || 0.560
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO258 || t || 10.31 || 7.14 || 4.11 || 10.11 || 257 || 220 || 0.615
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO259 || t || 10.34 || 7.10 || 3.88 || 20.35 || 269 || 239 || 0.530
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO260 || t || 10.21 || 7.15 || 3.73 || 46.65 || 306 || 277 || 0.420
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO293 || t || 7.26 || 7.14 || 2.97 || 0.765 || 196 || 169 || 0.495
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO294 || t || 7.13 || 7.10 || 3.01 || 2.705 || 229 || 192 || 0.560
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO292 || t || 7.23 || 7.13 || 2.92 || 23.26 || 287 || 258 || 0.570
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO291 || t || 7.37 || 7.13 || 2.65 || 56.25 || 314 || 285 || 0.440
|}

[[Image:9.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in axisymmetric compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, through the thickness direction. The broken curves correspond to the specimens machined to obtain a width over diameter ratio equal to 1.]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in axisymmetric compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, through the width direction</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Testing temperature = 1006 <sup>o</sup>C

<BR> Stress-Strain data from axisymmetric compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Direction
! Initial height h<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Initial diameter d<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final height h<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0168 || w || 10.40 || 7.08 || 5.01 || 0.529 || 185 || 160 || 0.517
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0167 || w || 10.33 || 7.16 || 4.02 || 1.048 || 211 || 178 || 0.538
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0166 || w || 10.55 || 7.08 || 4.22 || 2.113 || 216 || 186 || 0.541
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCOI71 || w || 10.29 || 7.15 || 5.61 || 5.165 || 240 || 209 || 0.624
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0164 || w || 10.51 || 7.12 || 3.79 || 10.84 || 250 || 219 || 0.649
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0163 || w || 10.40 || 7.12 || 3.64 || 21.11 || 275 || 247 || 0.605
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0162 || w || 10.20 || 7.17 || 2.56 || 50.21 || 311 || 274 || 0.583
|}

[[Image:10.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in axisymmetric compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, through the width direction]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in axisymmetric compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, through the length direction</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Testing temperature = 1006 <sup>o</sup>C

<BR> Stress-Strain data from axisymmetric compression test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Direction
! Initial height h<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Initial diameter d<sub>o</sub> (mm)
! Final height h<sub>f</sub> (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0253 || l || 10.32 || 7.18 || 4.31 || 0.520 || 190 || 162 || 0.515
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0247 || l || 10.36 || 7.17 || 4.18 || 1.063 || 199 || 170 || 0.535
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0248 || l || 10.39 || 7.14 || 4.31 || 2.068 || 219 || 187 || 0.575
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0249 || l || 10.37 || 7.14 || 4.34 || 5.098 || 242 || 206 || 0.620
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0250 || l || 10.37 || 7.10 || 4.12 || 10.49 || 255 || 215 || 0.640
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC0251 || l || 10.33 || 7.17 || 3.96 || 20.72 || 277 || 239 || 0.615
|}

[[Image:11.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in axisymmetric compression at 1006 <sup>o</sup>C, through the length direction]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in torsion at 905 <sup>o</sup>C</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Testing temperature = 905 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR> Grain Size = 30.2 ± 1.5 μm

<BR> Stress-Strain data from torsion test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Gauge length l (mm)
! Gauge diameter d (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Steady state stress σ<sub>s</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC09T || 14.30 || 7.11 || 0.018 || 146 || 139 || 121 || 0.299
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC08T || 14.72 || 6.93 || 0.028 || 168 || 154 || 158 || 0.408
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC07T || 14.80 || 7.04 || 0.354 || 224 || 182 || 197 || 0.448
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC05T || 14.43 || 7.01 || 0.703 || 238 || 198 || 219 || 0.468
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC06T || 14.71 || 6.98 || 1.499 || 266 || 219 || 235 || 0.557
|}

[[Image:12.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in torsion at 905 <sup>o</sup>C]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

===<font size = "4">Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in torsion at 1008 <sup>o</sup>C</font>===
----
Composition - 0.024C-16.70Cr-12.20Ni-2.63Mo-1.50Mn-0.29Si
<BR>Testing temperature = 1008 <sup>o</sup>C
<BR> Grain Size = 59.3 ± 2.6 μm

<BR> Stress-Strain data from torsion test in AISI 316 SS
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Test
! Gauge length l (mm)
! Gauge diameter d (mm)
! Strain Rate ε̇ (sec<sup>-1</sup>)
! Peak Stress σ<sub>p</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Stress at 0.15 strain σ<sub>0.15</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Steady state stress σ<sub>s</sub> (MN/m<sup>2</sup>)
! Strain to peak stress ε<sub>p</sub>
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC011T || 14.82 || 6.97 || 0.0032 || 82 || 70 || 74 || 0.299
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC010T || 14.60 || 7.00 || 0.014 || 110 || 104 || 93 || 0.348
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC012T || 14.74 || 7.04 || 0.031 || 120 || 110 || 105 || 0.368
|- style="text-align: center"
| RCO1T || 14.92 || 7.02 || 0.356 || 170 || 147 || 151 || 0.423
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC04T || 15.08 || 6.97 || 0.670 || 185 || 154 || 162 || 0.458
|- style="text-align: center"
| RC02T || 14.73 || 7.01 || 1.379 || 194 || 161 || 169 || 0.493
|}

[[Image:13.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Stress-strain curve of 316 SS in torsion at 1008 <sup>o</sup>C]]<ref name = "thesis"></ref>

==Fatigue-life curves==
===<font size = "4">Effect of Environment (Sodium, Helium, and Air) on cycles to failure</font>===
----
Exposure Condition - 286 hrs at 925 K
[[Image:Environment.PNG|800px|thumb|center|Effect of environment on 316 SS at 925 K; based on cyclic strain and cycles to failure]]<ref>Howard E. Boyer, ''Atlas of Fatigue Curves'', American Society for Metals, ASM International, 1985, p 223, ISBN: 9780871702142, https://books.google.com/books?id=Hbo8dI4CqVAC&dq=316+ss+fatigue+life+curve+atlas&source=gbs_navlinks_s</ref>

===<font size = "4">Fatigue ε-N behaviour on type 316 SS in air at various temperatures</font>===
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The designated three curves in the plot are based on the current ASME Code mean curve, the best–fit curve developed by Jaske and O'Donnell and an updated statistical model that is discussed below. Tests at room–temperature air have been conducted in load–control mode with stress levels in the range of 190–230 MPa.

<BR>The ANL statistical model
<BR>Fatigue ε–N data are generally expressed in terms of the modified Langer equation which correlates fatigue life N with the applied strain amplitude ε<sub>a</sub> as 
<BR><B>ln(N) = A - B ln(ε<sub>a</sub> - C)</B>
<BR> and the fatigue data for 316 SS is represented by,
<BR><B>ln(N) = 6.703 - 2.030 ln(ε<sub>a</sub> - 0.126)</B> 
<BR>Recommended for predicted fatigue life lives ≤106 cycles.

[[Image:Capture1.PNG|800px|thumb|center|Fatigue ε-N behaviour on type 316 SS in air at various temperatures]]<ref name = "Chopra">Omesh K. Chopra, ''Developement of fatigue design curve for austenitic Stainless Steels in LWR environments: A review '', Energy Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, http://www.ipd.anl.gov/anlpubs/2002/03/42152.pdf</ref>

===<font size = "4">Experimental and predicted fatigue ε-N behaviour on type 316 SS in low-dissolved oxygen (DO) water at 325 <sup>o</sup>C </font>===
----
The experimental fatigue ε–N data for 316 SS in low–DO water at 325°C and 0.4%/s strain rate, and the corresponding fatigue ε–N curves predicted from the Bettis, ANL, and MITI models are shown

<BR>The ANL statistical model
<BR>Fatigue ε–N data are generally expressed in terms of the modified Langer equation which correlates fatigue life N with the applied strain amplitude ε<sub>a</sub> as 
<BR><B>ln(N) = A - B ln(ε<sub>a</sub> - C)</B>
<BR> and the fatigue data for 316 SS is represented by,
<BR><B>ln(N) = 6.703 - 2.030 ln(ε<sub>a</sub> - 0.126)</B> 


[[Image:Capture2.PNG|800px|thumb|center|Experimental and predicted fatigue ε-N behaviour on type 316 SS in low-DO water at 325 <sup>o<sup>C ]]<ref name = "Chopra"></ref>

===<font size = "4"> Effect of sensitization annealing on fatigue life of 316 SS in low–dissolved oxygen (DO) water at 325°C</font>===
----
The fatigue ε–N behavior of solution–annealed and sensitized Types 316 SS in low and high–DO water are shown
<BR>WQ = water quenched

[[Image:Capture3.PNG|800px|thumb|center| Effect of sensitization annealing on fatigue life of 316 SS in low–DO water at 325°C. WQ = water quenched]]<ref>O. K. Chopra, ''Mechanism and Estimation of Fatigue Crack Initiation in Austenitic Stainless Steels in LWR Environments'', Argonne National Laboratory, August 2002, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/contract/cr6787/cr6787.pdf</ref>

==References==
<references/>


[[Category: Steel]]
[[Category: Fatigue]]
[[Category: Materials]]
[[Category: Metals]]
[[Category: Mechanical Properties]]